primary biliary cholangitis (pbc)
liver

Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) – Liver Bile Duct Inflammation

liver

Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic disease where the immune system slowly damages the bile ducts in the liver.
Blocked bile flow causes bile buildup, inflammation, and liver cell injury.
Common signs include fatigue, itchy skin, jaundice, and abdominal discomfort.
Over time, PBC may progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, or liver failure.
Treatment focuses on slowing disease progression and managing symptoms.

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autoimmune hapatitis
Chronic diseases, liver

Autoimmune Hepatitis – When Immunity Attacks the Liver

Chronic diseases, liver

Autoimmune Hepatitis is a condition where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the liver.
This leads to inflammation, liver cell damage, and scarring if untreated.
Common symptoms include fatigue, jaundice, abdominal discomfort, and joint pain.
It can progress to cirrhosis and liver failure in severe cases.
Treatment focuses on immunosuppressive medicines and long-term monitoring.

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congestive hepatopathy
Chronic diseases, liver

Congestive Hepatopathy – Liver Congestion due to Heart Problems

Chronic diseases, liver

Congestive Hepatopathy is liver damage caused by long-standing heart problems, especially right-sided heart failure.
When the heart cannot pump blood properly, it causes backflow and congestion in liver veins.
This leads to enlarged liver, abdominal discomfort, swelling (ascites, edema), and sometimes jaundice.
Chronic congestion may progress to fibrosis or cirrhosis of the liver.
Treatment mainly focuses on managing the heart condition to protect the liver.

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budd chiari syndrome – liver vein blockage
liver

Budd-Chiari Syndrome – Liver Vein Blockage

liver

Budd-Chiari Syndrome is a rare liver disorder caused by blockage or narrowing of the hepatic veins, which carry blood out of the liver. This obstruction leads to increased liver pressure, congestion, and damage to liver cells. The condition may develop suddenly or gradually. Symptoms include abdominal pain, swelling (ascites), enlarged liver, jaundice, and sometimes leg swelling. Long-term cases may progress to liver cirrhosis or liver failure. Diagnosis is usually made through imaging tests and blood investigations. Treatment depends on severity and may include blood-thinning medicines, procedures to open blocked veins, or liver transplantation in advanced cases.

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liver

Portal Hypertension – High Pressure in Liver Blood Vessels

liver

Portal hypertension is a condition where there is abnormally high blood pressure in the portal vein, which carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver. It usually develops as a complication of chronic liver diseases like cirrhosis. The increased pressure leads to the formation of enlarged veins (varices) in the esophagus and stomach, which may rupture and cause life-threatening bleeding. Other signs include ascites (fluid in the abdomen), enlarged spleen, and confusion due to toxin buildup. Management involves treating the underlying liver disease, lowering portal pressure with medications or endoscopic procedures, and in severe cases, surgery or shunt placement.

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hepatic encephalopathy
liver

Hepatic Encephalopathy – Brain Effects of Liver Weakness

liver

Hepatic encephalopathy is a serious complication of advanced liver disease, where the liver cannot effectively remove toxins (like ammonia) from the blood. These toxins then accumulate and affect brain function. Symptoms may range from mild confusion, forgetfulness, mood changes, and disturbed sleep to severe disorientation, personality changes, and even coma. It is commonly seen in patients with cirrhosis or severe liver failure. Early recognition and treatment with dietary changes, medications (like lactulose), and management of the underlying liver condition are crucial to prevent worsening of the disease.

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cirrhosis liver
liver

Cirrhosis of the Liver

liver

Cirrhosis of the liver is a chronic, progressive condition in which healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue (fibrosis), leading to impaired liver function. It often develops due to long-term liver damage from causes such as chronic alcohol use, hepatitis B or C infection, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, weight loss, abdominal swelling (ascites), jaundice, and easy bruising or bleeding. If untreated, cirrhosis may lead to complications like liver failure, portal hypertension, and liver cancer. Early detection, lifestyle changes, and medical treatment can help slow disease progression.

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drug induced liver injury (dili)
liver

Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI)

liver

Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) refers to liver damage caused by prescription medicines, over-the-counter drugs, herbal products, or dietary supplements. It is one of the leading causes of acute liver failure worldwide. DILI can be dose-dependent (predictable, like with acetaminophen overdose) or idiosyncratic (unpredictable, due to individual sensitivity). Symptoms may include fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, jaundice, dark urine, and elevated liver enzymes. Early diagnosis is crucial, often requiring discontinuation of the offending drug and supportive care. In severe cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

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non alcoholic steatohepatitis
liver

Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)

liver

NASH is a progressive form of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in which fat accumulation in the liver is accompanied by inflammation and liver cell damage. Unlike simple fatty liver, NASH can lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even liver cancer if left untreated. Risk factors include obesity, type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and sedentary lifestyle. Symptoms are often vague, such as fatigue, abdominal discomfort, and weakness, while many people may remain asymptomatic in the early stages. Lifestyle changes like weight loss, regular exercise, healthy diet, and strict control of diabetes and cholesterol are the main strategies to manage NASH and prevent complications.

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non alcoholic fatty liver disease
liver

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

liver

NAFLD is a common liver condition in which excess fat builds up in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol. It is closely linked with obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, and sedentary lifestyle. In its early stages, NAFLD often causes no symptoms, but it can progress to inflammation (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis or NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even liver cancer. Common signs may include fatigue, abdominal discomfort, and enlarged liver. Management mainly involves weight loss, healthy diet, regular exercise, and control of diabetes and cholesterol. Early lifestyle changes can prevent complications and improve liver health.

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