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Thyroid Tuberculosis (Thyroid TB) is a rare form of extrapulmonary TB where Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects the thyroid gland.
It usually presents as a painless thyroid swelling, sometimes mimicking goiter, thyroiditis, or even thyroid cancer.
Symptoms may include neck lump, mild pain, fever, weight loss, or rarely signs of thyroid dysfunction.
Diagnosis requires ultrasound, FNAC/biopsy, and microbiological confirmation of TB bacteria.
Full anti-TB therapy leads to good recovery, and surgery is needed only when abscess or structural damage is present.

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Tuberculosis

Pancreatic Tuberculosis (Pancreatic TB)

Tuberculosis

Pancreatic Tuberculosis (Pancreatic TB) is a rare form of abdominal TB where Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects the pancreas, often mimicking pancreatic cancer or chronic pancreatitis.
Patients usually present with abdominal pain, weight loss, fever, and sometimes jaundice due to bile duct compression.
Imaging may show pancreatic masses, cysts, or enlarged lymph nodes, making diagnosis challenging.
Confirmation typically requires biopsy, FNAC, PCR, or culture of TB bacteria.
With accurate diagnosis and full anti-TB therapy, pancreatic TB responds well and is completely treatable.

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Tuberculosis

Breast Tuberculosis (Mammary TB / Breast TB)

Tuberculosis

Breast Tuberculosis (Mammary TB) is a rare form of extrapulmonary TB where Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects the breast tissue.
It usually presents as a painless lump, breast swelling, or sinus formation, often mistaken for breast cancer or an abscess.
Mammary TB occurs more commonly in young, breastfeeding, or immune-compromised women.
Symptoms may include localized pain, nipple retraction, discharge, or non-healing ulcers on the breast.
Diagnosis requires imaging, biopsy, and microbiological tests, while full anti-TB therapy leads to complete recovery in most cases.

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Tuberculosis

Adrenal Tuberculosis (Adrenal TB)

Tuberculosis

Adrenal Tuberculosis (Adrenal TB) is a form of extrapulmonary TB where Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects the adrenal glands, gradually destroying their tissue.
Long-standing adrenal TB can lead to adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease) due to loss of hormone-producing cells.
Symptoms may include fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, skin darkening, and electrolyte imbalance.
Diagnosis often requires CT/MRI imaging, hormone tests, and confirmation of TB infection.
Treatment involves full anti-TB therapy, and in advanced cases, lifelong hormone replacement may be necessary.

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Tuberculosis

Cold Abscess Tuberculosis (Tubercular Cold Abscess)

Tuberculosis

Cold Abscess Tuberculosis is a form of TB where infection spreads to bones, joints, or soft tissues, forming a swelling filled with pus without heat, redness, or severe pain.
It is called a “cold” abscess because, unlike regular abscesses, it shows minimal inflammation due to slow TB progression.
Common sites include the spine (Pott’s disease), lymph nodes, psoas muscle, and chest wall.
Symptoms include a painless, progressive swelling, stiffness, restricted movement, or back pain if the spine is involved.
Treatment requires anti-TB therapy, and in some cases, aspiration or surgery may be needed to manage large abscesses.

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Tuberculosis

Non-Cavitary Tuberculosis (Non-Cavitary TB)

Tuberculosis

Non-Cavitary Tuberculosis (Non-Cavitary TB) refers to pulmonary TB where lung infection occurs without the formation of cavities.
In this form, inflammation and consolidation affect lung tissue but do not progress to tissue breakdown or hollow space formation.
Non-cavitary TB usually has a lower bacterial load, making it less infectious compared to cavitary TB.
Symptoms include cough, fever, weight loss, weakness, and breathlessness—similar to pulmonary TB but often milder.
With timely diagnosis and proper anti-TB therapy, non-cavitary TB responds well and has a good prognosis.

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Tuberculosis

Cavitary Tuberculosis (Cavitary TB)

Tuberculosis

Cavitary Tuberculosis (Cavitary TB) is a severe form of pulmonary TB where infection destroys lung tissue, forming hollow, air-filled cavities.
These cavities result from caseous necrosis, where TB bacteria liquefy and erode lung tissue.
Because cavities contain a very high bacterial load, this form of TB is highly infectious.
Symptoms include persistent cough, chest pain, fever, night sweats, and blood-tinged sputum.
Early diagnosis and full anti-TB treatment are essential, although healing may leave fibrotic scars or residual cavities.

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Tuberculosis

Fibro-Calcific Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis

Fibro-Calcific Tuberculosis represents the healed or inactive stage of old TB infection where lung tissue becomes fibrotic and calcium deposits form.
These calcified areas appear as white, dense spots on X-ray or CT scan, indicating past TB rather than active disease.
The fibrosis may cause mild stiffness of the lungs, but usually does not produce major symptoms.
Fibro-calcific TB is not contagious, as the bacteria are either dead or locked inside calcified tissue.
Regular follow-up is recommended because very rarely old lesions can reactivate if immunity drops.

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Tuberculosis

Adult Tuberculosis (Adult TB)

Tuberculosis

Adult Tuberculosis (Adult TB) commonly presents as pulmonary TB, where Mycobacterium tuberculosis actively infects the lungs.

Adults often develop post-primary TB, showing cavitation, upper-lobe involvement, and stronger symptoms.
Typical features include persistent cough, chest pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue.
Adults are more likely to be contagious, making early diagnosis crucial for community safety.
With complete and consistent anti-TB treatment, adult TB is fully curable and transmission can be prevented.

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Tuberculosis

Childhood Tuberculosis (Pediatric TB)

Tuberculosis

Childhood Tuberculosis (Pediatric TB) refers to TB infection occurring in infants, children, and adolescents, often due to recent exposure to an infectious adult.
Kids usually develop primary TB, which may present with fever, cough, weight loss, poor appetite, and swollen lymph nodes.
Because children have immature immunity, TB can spread faster and lead to serious forms like miliary TB or TB meningitis.
Diagnosis is challenging, as symptoms are subtle and sputum tests are often negative; hence clinical evaluation and imaging are crucial.
With timely detection and the correct anti-TB regimen, pediatric TB is fully treatable, preventing long-term complications.

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